What characterizes sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea is characterized by repeated episodes of airflow cessation during sleep. This condition occurs when the muscles in the throat relax excessively, leading to temporary interruptions in breathing. Such episodes can last for a few seconds to minutes and may happen multiple times throughout the night. Individuals with sleep apnea often exhibit symptoms such as loud snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness due to disturbed sleep patterns.

Recognizing these episodes is crucial, as they can have significant health implications, including increased risk for cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure, and other complications related to chronic oxygen deprivation during sleep. The other options describe respiratory and pulmonary issues but do not specifically capture the unique and defining nature of sleep apnea, which revolves around the cessation of airflow during sleep.